What
do plants need?
The plant and its environment
Does a plant ever breathe?
Does a plant ever eat solid food?
The plant’s needs
The plant processes: food
The plant processes: respiration
Chemical elements involved in photosynthesis
Chloroplast, the site of photosynthesis
Photosynthesis summary
The limiting factor
How much at each stage
How much of each factor
The limiting factor
The absence of adverse conditions
Summary: the limiting factor
The 16 essential elements
The need for oxygen, carbon and hydrogen
Chemical composition of the plant
The 16 essential elements
Importance of the 16 elements
Soil nutrients: groups
Soil nutrients' role
Soil nutrients' role and importance
N - nitrogen role in the plant: general
N - nitrogen role in the plant: deficiency effect
P - phosphorus role in the plant
K - potassium role in the plant
Ca - calcium role in the plant
Mg - magnesium role in the plant
S - sulfur role in the plant
Zn - zinc role in the plant
Fe - iron role in the plant
Mn - manganese role in the plant
Cu - copper role in the plant
B - boron role in the plant
Cl - chlorine role in the plant
Mo - molybdenum role in the plant
16 nutrients: summary
Nutrients in the soil
Nutrients in the soil: general
Soil minerals
Colloidal surfaces
Humus reserve
Nitrogen forms in the soil
Nitrogen fixation
Organic nitrogen
Ammonification
Nitrification
Nitrate leaching
Denitrification
Phosphorus in the soil
Phosphorus in the soil solution
Precipitated (insoluble) phosphate
Phosphorus and soil minerals
Phosphorus and colloidal particles
Organic Phosphorus
Labile phosphate
Potassium in the soil
Calcium in the soil - origin
Calcium in the soil - leaching
Magnesium in the soil
Sulfur in the soil
Soil acidity
ph effect on micronutrients' availability
Nutrients in the soil: summary
Nutrients uptake
Uptake of nutrients from the soil
Passive absorption of nutrients
Active absorption of nutrients
Nutrients uptake: summary
Lesson summary
Part 2 - Scientific
background
Soil Mineralogy and Chemistry
- by Dr. Yosef Noy
Soil mineralogy and chemistry
The soil solution
Hydrogen ion concentration
Growth of plants
Soil productivity
Plant nutrients
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Secondary essential nutrient elements
Micronutrients
Soil acidity and liming
Soil salinity
Osmotic tension
Electrical conductivity
Sodium and boron hazards
Plant and soil analysis
Fertilizer application
Organic manures
The processing of organic manure
Soil Salinity & Water Quality -
by Dr. Israela Ravina
Saline soils
Water quality
This module introduces the concept of fertilization and its
importance for plants and yields. The module demonstrates
conventional fertilization methods, their advantages and limitations.
The student observes improvements to conventional methods
and learns the modern method of fertilizing, fertigation,
through the irrigation system. The module demonstrates the
nature of fertigation, its expected benefits as well as its
limitations and drawbacks. The course also includes an example
of successful greenhouse fertigation. Using a special interactive
demonstration, the student can examine the efficiency of each
fertilization method, and discovers that fertigation is the
most modern and efficient one. Anyone who wants to study or
practice fertilization will benefit from this module.
Part 1 - Screen
Content
Why should we fertilize?
Undernourishment
Fertilizers increase yields
Increasing the world’s food production
Fertilizing and "organic" food
Fertilizing and environmental pollution
Laws of cautious fertilization
Plant needs
Plant needs: general
Plant needs: amounts
Optimal uptake of nutrients
The farmer’s goal: efficient fertilization
Conditions for efficient fertilization
Conventional fertilization methods: cost
Conventional fertilization methods: general
Application of solid fertilizers
Broadcast methods
Banded method
Application of fluid fertilizers
Conventional fertilization methods cost
Problems of conventional methods
Fertilizer cost and interest
Plant’s requirements
Plant’s requirements: timing and amount of fertilization
Plant’s requirements: fertilization in the right place
Fertilization uniformity
Fertilizer activation
Fertilizer losses
Application cost: equipment and labor
Improvements to conventional fertilization methods
Controlled release fertilizer
Controlled release fertilizer:graph
Aerial fertilization
Fertigation
Introduction to fertigation
What does fertigation mean?
Fertigation installation: fertilizer tank
Fertigation in action
Expected benefits of fertigation
Fertigation according to plant requirements
Fertigation at the right time
Fertigation in the right amount and at the right time
Fertigation in the right place
Fertigation benefits: a simple system
Fertigation system: additional benefits
Fertigation benefits: enhanced uniformity
Fertigation benefits: immediate activation
Fertigation benefits: minimal fertilizer losses
Fertigation benefits: minimal pollution
Fertigation benefits: greater crop yield
Fertigation benefits: better quality and quantity
Fertigation
limitations and risks
Fertilizers can be harmful!
Risks to humans
Risks to equipment
Environmental hazards
Limitations of the new system
Cost of equipment
Fertilizer cost and availability
Cost of training
Dependence on the irrigation system
Dependence on irrigation system maintenance
Part 2 - Scientific
Background
Soil, Mineralogy, and
Chemistry - by Dr. Yosef Noy
Soil, mineralogy, and chemistry
The soil solution
Hydrogen ion concentration
Growth of plants
Soil productivity
Plant nutrients
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Secondary essential nutrient elements
Micronutrients
Soil acidity and liming
Soil salinity
Osmotic tension
Electrical conductivity
Sodium and boron hazards
Plant and soil analysis
Fertilizer application
Organic manures
The processing of organic manures
Soil Salinity & Water Quality
- by Dr. Israela Ravina
Saline Soils
Water quality
This courseware module describes the numerous fertilizer
types, their characteristics, and suitability for various
methods of fertilization - especially fertigation. The module
also describes the process by which plants absorb fertilizers
and the role of fertilizers in the plant’s life processes.
The student learns these subjects through animations and
simulations. The module describes the nature of fertilizers
and their nutrient content. In addition, it explains how
to calculate nutrient content in a fertilizer, and the amount
of fertilizer needed to supply crops with their growth requirements.
Anyone interested in purchasing and using fertilizers will
find this information essential.
Part 1 - Screen
Content
Why Fertilize?
Goals of this lesson
Chapter contents
Introduction
The plant’s needs
The limiting factor
The absence of adverse conditions
The need for oxygen, carbon and hydrogen
The 16 essential elements
The importance of the 16 essential elements
Nutrients in the soil
Nutrients uptake
The need to add nutrients
The need to fertilize: summary
What are fertilizers?
Definition of fertilizers
Fertilizers as salts
Fertilizers according to nutrient content
Fertilizer grade
Fertilizer ratio
Examples of fertilizer ratios
Fertilizer forms
Solid fertilizers
Advantages/disadvantages of solid fertilizers
Liquid fertilizers
Advantages/disadvantages of liquid fertilizers
Suspension fertilizers
Gaseous fertilizers (ammonia)
Fertilizer characteristics
Fertilizer characteristics: general
ph effect of fertilizers
ph effect on element availability
Corrosiveness
Evaporation
Hygroscopicity
Fertilizer solubility
Mixed liquid fertilizers
How much fertilizer
Nitrogen fertilizers
Ammonia fertilizer
Ammonium fertilizer
Nitrate fertilizer
Urea fertilizer
Urea ammonification and hydrolysis processes
Urea nitrification
Urea fertilizer solubility
Slow release nitrogen compounds
Phosphorus fertilizers
Potassium fertilizers
Secondary fertilizers
Micronutrient fertilizers
How much fertilizer
Lesson summary
Part 2 - Scientific
Background
Soil Mineralogy and Chemistry - by
Dr. Yosef Noy
Soil mineralogy and chemistry
The soil solution
Hydrogen ion concentration
Growth of plants
Soil productivity
Plant nutrients
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Secondary essential nutrient elements
Micronutrients
Soil acidity and liming
Soil salinity
Osmotic tension
Electrical conductivity
Sodium and boron hazards
Plant and soil analysis
Fertilizer application
Organic manures
The processing of organic manure
Soil Salinity & Water Quality
- by Dr. Israela Ravina
Saline soils
Water quality
Fertigation, the modern method of fertilizing, works
through the irrigation system. This module reviews the concept,
basic principles, benefits, and drawbacks of the fertigation
method. The module discusses the principles and problems
of injecting fertilizer into the irrigation water, and shows
the equipment required - i.e., tanks, injectors, and auxiliary
equipment. It demonstrates equipment installation, operation,
and maintenance using extensive animation and activity sequences.
This module also gives the student the basic tools for selecting
and operating system components; it lists the various considerations
and rules for optimal operation of the fertigation system.
Interactive exercises involve the student in selection of
appropriate equipment - according to crop types, the available
irrigation system, field position, and ease of operation.
The student also learns safety considerations associated
with fertigation.
Part 1 - Screen
Content
Introduction
What does fertigation mean? (Fertilization via irrigation)
Uniform fertilizer distribution
Fertilizer Injection
Fertilizer injection - general
Injection equipment classification
Fertilizer fed by gravity
Constant fertilizer flow
Constant fertilizer flow: vent tube
Constant fertilizer flow: float valve
Differential pressure system in action
Differential pressure system: a bladder in the tank
A comparison between variations
The principle and operation of the Venture device
Injection by positive pressure
Pumps and motors
Pumps and motors: general
Check valves
The piston pump
The diaphragm pump
Pumps driven by motor
A piston pump with an hydraulic motor
Operation and injection pressure by hydraulic pumps
Comparison of injector types
Safety measures in fertigation
Risks to humans
Risks to equipment
Environmental hazards
Part 2 - Scientific
Background
Fertigation Principles & Practice
- by Dr. Dan Scheuer and Dr. Jorge Tartsitsky
Introduction
Fertigation benefits and limitations
Fertigation equipment
Fertigation equipment selection
Ancillary equipment - protective devices
Installation
Fertigation system operation
Maintenance
Fertigation scheduling
The considerations and rules to be followed in planning
fertilization constitute the subject matter of this courseware
module. The module presents the characteristics of conventional
and modern fertilization methods, fertility evaluation,
and considerations for selecting fertilizers. The student
learns fertilizer selection, the logic used in its selection
(to match crop needs), and application methods - through
animations and simulations. The module also teaches how
to calculate nutrient content in fertilizers and the amount
of fertilizer to be applied. This courseware also discusses
the factors affecting fertilizer efficiency and some methods
of fertility evaluation
Part 1 - Screen
Content
Fertilizer application
Goals of this courseware module
The need to add nutrients
Fertilizer forms
Fertilizer characteristics
Application of fertilizers
Broadcasting
Advantages of broadcasting
Banding
Fertigation
Foliar spraying
Manual application
Application from the air
Fertilizing machines
Irrigation and fertilizers
Time of application
Time of application: basal dressing
Time of application: top dressing
Time of application: split dressing
Fertilizer efficiency
Soil characteristics
Salt index
Movement of fertilizer materials in the soil
Soil temperature
Carry-over effect
Crop characteristics
Fertility evaluation
Soil fertility evaluation
Plant systems
N - nitrogen in the plant
P - phosphorus in the plant
K - potassium in the plant
Mg - magnesium in the plant
S - sulfur in the plant
Fe - iron in the plant
B - boron in the plant
Cl - chlorine in the plant
Plant symptoms: identification of nutrient
Plant testing: sampling
Plant testing: plant tissue test
Plant testing: plant tissue analysis
Soil testing
Soil testing: augers and soil sampling
Soil testing: soil sample preparation
Soil testing: solution sampling
Soil testing: laboratory analysis
Water testing: water sources, sampling and analysis
Fertility evaluation: interpretation of results
Selecting fertilizers
Selecting the right fertilizer
How much fertilizer
Part 2 - Scientific
Background
Soil Mineralogy and Chemistry - by
Dr. Yosef Noy
Soil mineralogy and chemistry
The soil solution
Hydrogen ion concentration
Growth of plants
Soil productivity
Plant nutrients
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Secondary essential nutrient elements
Micronutrients
Soil acidity and liming
Soil salinity
Osmotic tension
Electrical conductivity
Sodium and boron hazards
Plant and soil analysis
Fertilizer application
Organic manures
The processing of organic manure
Fertility, Fertilizers and Fertilization
- by Dr Jorge Tartsitsky
Fertility evaluation
Crop tests
Fertilizers
Fertilization
This courseware module introduces the concepts and practices
of water management. The module presents the numerous factors
that need to be considered during water management design
- climatic, soil, plant factors - and explains how each factor
affects water management. It also describes the methods the
farmer uses to determine the plant’s water requirements -
based on soil factors and plant properties. The farmer can
control the crop’s use and consumption of water. The module
also teaches the student how to calculate irrigation doses
and irrigation periods, taking into account agrotechnical
and economical factors to make the most efficient use of available
water resources. An interactive exercise summarizes the rules
of
when and how much to irrigate.
This courseware module demonstrates the effect of correct
irrigation on the quantity and quality of the crop. It also
introduces the concept of irrigation efficiency and how to
take it into account during the water management design process.
The student learns to design water management according to
the type of crop, the soil, climatic factors, and irrigation
methods.
Part 1 - Screen Content
Climatic factors
Water management planning
Factors in water management planning
Water consumption by the plant
Evapotranspiration
What affects evapotranspiration
Estimation of evaporation rate
The evaporation coefficient
Water consumption estimation by evaporation pan method
Estimation of water consumption by using a formula
Soil factors
Soil composition
Soil texture
Soil pores
Soil textures, soil porosity and soil water capacity
The wetness of the soil
Dry bulk density of soil
Water states in the soil
The energy states of water in the soil
Retention forces or water potential of the soil
Available water
The relationship between water potential and soil texture
Plant factors
Depth of the root system
The percentage of wet soil surface
The critical point
Water consumption
Water Management
Net application amount
Amount of water available
Next maximum available water
Net actual application amount
Irrigation interval - IR
Correction of net actual application amount
Irrigation efficiency
Gross application amount
Part 2 - Scientific
Background
Irrigation Management and Scheduling
- by Dr. Ilan Amir
Introduction
Scheduling of water amounts
The computerized aid for the displacement policy
The displacement policy
Local displacement policy
Reduction of water amounts for certain crops
Relative reduction policy
Case study
Conclusions
Irrigation of Cotton - by Yaakov
Ayalon
Introduction
Climate
Soil
The cotton plant
Water requirements of cotton
Influence of water regime on the cotton
Irrigation procedures
Irrigation methods
Irrigation of Sugar Crops - by
Dr. Herman J. Finkel
Sugar cane
Sugar beets
Irrigation of Oil Crops - by Dr.
Shaul Feldman
Peanuts
Safflower
Sunflower
Irrigation of Cereal Crops - by
Dr. Herman J. Finkel
Rice
Wheat
Corn
Irrigation of Alfalfa - by Dr.
Herman J. Finkel
Introduction
Root system
Water requirements
Water quality
Irrigation methods
Irrigation of Citrus - by Dr.
Herman J. Finkel
Introduction
Characteristics of the root system
Water requirements of citrus: general
Moisture stress in citrus
When to irrigate
Irrigation methods
Water quality
This courseware module begins with a presentation of historical
and cultural developments in irrigation. The module then
introduces the concept of irrigation and its benefits for
plants. The major types of irrigation systems (traditional
furrow, sprinklers, micro-sprinklers, and drippers) are
presented and evaluated in terms of their merits and limitations.
This module gives the student the basic knowledge and practical
tools needed to select a suitable irrigation system for
crops - according to the type of soil, type of crop, climatic
factors, and available sources of water. The module also
takes into account economic considerations.
Part 1 - Screen
Content
Soil Properties
Water is life
The soil - a "reservoir of water"
Irrigation
Soil properties
Soil composition
Soil texture
Soil pores
Moisture front
Infiltration
Soil-water retention
Water transporation methods
Transportation methods
Irrigation by gravitation
Irrigation by gravitation: pipes
Irrigation under pressure
Irrigation by gravitation
Methods of water distribution
Leveled beds
Leveled beds according to terrain contours
Furrow irrigation
The number of furrows and the space between them
Furrow construction and shape
Water flow in the furrows
Irrigation under pressure
Methods of water distribution
Development of the sprinkler method
Principles of sprinkler operation
Wetness distribution pattern
Wetness overlap
Wind effect
Drip irrigation
Dropper nets
The dropper
Water distribution in the soil
Filtration and cleanliness
Micro-sprayers: principle of water distribution
Micro-sprinklers
Comparison of methods
Criteria for comparison of irrigation methods
Comparison of irrigation methods
Partial wetting and economy of water
Partial wetting and soil aeration
Access to the field
Protection from climatic hazards
Wind effect on irrigation
Fertigation
Topography and irrigation under pressure
Marginal soils
Use of effluent water
Use of saline water for irrigation
Part 2 - Scientific
Background
Sprinkler Irrigation - by Dr.
Amnion Benumb
Types of sprinkler systems
Sprinkler types and their characteristics
Sprinkler laterals
Submains and mains
Design of a sprinkler system
Sprinkler system efficiency
Drip Irrigation - by Dr. Dov Nir
Introduction
Hydraulics of drip systems
Design of drip irrigation systems
The fertilizer applicator
General considerations
Units and notation
Gravity Irrigation - by Dr. Herman
J. Finkel
Introduction
Furrow irrigation
Border irrigation
Criteria for the Choice of Irrigation
Method - by Dr. Dov Nir and Dr. Herman J. Finkel
Introduction
Water supply
Topography
Climate
Soils
Crops
The human factor
Economics and Cost of Irrigation
- by Dr. Dov Nir
Introduction
Steps in economic analysis
Enumeration and evaluation of costs and benefits
Allocation of costs
Bearing the cost
Project Development
credits
Program Manager and Publisher
Mario Nissim Halfon
Project Manager
Ifat Halfon
Scriptwriters
Dr. Jorge Tartsitsky
Dr. Joseph Noy
Elimelech Sappir, M.Sc.
Dan Scheuer, M.Sc.
Educational Designers
Yuval Tzur
David Holtzman
Tova Amitai
Varda Cohen-Liphshitz
Rami Halfon
Narrator
Irving Kaplan
Graphics Designer
Revital Keissar
Animators/Artists
Inna Habass
Cornelis Peter Ellerbroek
Eilat Gratsch
Programmers
David Holtzman
Ron Keynan
Rafi Halfon
Natalie Startseva
Audio/ Music Effects
Mark Toledano
Rami Halfon
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